Devices and system for fiber access

ABSTRACT

Devices and a system for synchronizing time between a centralized controller device and at least one subscriber device on a fiber access network. The control layer of a network device is expanded, and additional messaging control is added via the transmission of data frames. The expansion prevents reliance on a physical layer signal. The time synchronization also allows a time stamp to be incorporated into a message. Thus, bandwidth is not wasted by simply transmitting a time stamp by itself. In an embodiment, the centralized controller device measures the time difference between the time at which a particular ranging request is transmitted and the time at which the particular ranging request is received. The time difference represents the time adjustment value for the particular subscriber device and allows the device to synchronize its time with that of the centralized controller device.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This patent application is the continuation of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 11/889,382, filed Aug. 13, 2007, which is a continuation ofU.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/224,474, filed Aug. 21, 2002, whichclaims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/313,499 filedAug. 21, 2001, all of which are incorporated by reference herein intheir entireties.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The invention described herein relates to communications systems, andmore particularly to optical networks.

2. Related Art

Ethernet passive optical networks (EPON) are an emerging access networktechnology that provides a low-cost method of deploying optical accesslines between a carrier's central office and a customer site. EPONs seekto bring to life the dream of a full-services access network (FSAN) thatdelivers converged data, video, and voice over a single optical accesssystem. The carrier's central office typically contains a centralizedcontroller device which is in optical communication with at least onesubscriber device at the customer site. To communicate effectively witha subscriber device, the centralized controller device must besynchronized with the subscriber device.

For example, a section of the downstream channel can be framed fortiming synchronization. A physical layer signal can be periodicallytransmitted on the framed portion of the downstream channel to broadcasta global time. This process creates problems, however, in that, the EPONhas to rely on an exact transmission time. Further, such a process canbe inefficient, as the signal has to be constantly transmitted, therebywasting valuable bandwidth for transmitting time signals. Hence, what isneeded is a method for expanding the MAC control layer in an EPON deviceto add additional control messaging to ensure efficient timesynchronization and appropriate shared access of the media between acentralized controller device and subscriber devices in an EPON.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention described herein addresses access operation between acentralized controller device and at least one subscriber device on anEthernet Passive Optical Network (EPON). The MAC control layer of anEPON device is expanded, and additional messaging control is added viathe transmission of Ethernet frames. The expansion is independent of thephysical layer definition. The time synchronization of the presentinvention also allows a time stamp to be incorporated into a message.Thus, bandwidth is not wasted by simply transmitting a time stamp byitself. The method begins with the centralized controller devicetransmitting a time synchronization message to the subscriber devices tospecify a global time reference. The centralized controller device thenallocates a ranging interval during which the time at each subscriberdevice is synchronized with the time at the centralized controllerdevice.

During the ranging interval, a subscriber device transmits a rangingrequest to the centralized controller device to request time adjustment.The centralized controller device measures the time difference betweenthe time at which a particular subscriber device's ranging request istransmitted and the time at which the ranging request is received by thecentralized controller device. The time difference represents the timeadjustment value for the particular subscriber device. A tokentransmitted by the centralized controller device contains the timeadjustment value to be used by the particular subscriber device tosynchronize its clock with that of the centralized controller device.The centralized controller device then transmits a token to at least oneof the subscriber devices to allocate bandwidth to the device. At thispoint, the subscriber device is operational in the network, will use thebandwidth assigned, and will request more if needed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an ethernet passive opticalnetwork system (EPON) according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a high-level block diagram illustrating the architecture of anEPON system device according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a timing diagram depicting timing synchronization between anOLT and two ONUs on an EPON.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart depicting the sequence of steps involved in thecommunication process from the perspective of an OLT.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart depicting the sequence of steps involved in thecommunication from the perspective of an ONU.

FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary computer system on which amethod in accordance with embodiments of the present invention can beperformed.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A preferred embodiment of the present invention is now described withreference to the figures, where like reference numbers indicateidentical or functionally similar elements. Also in the figures, theleft-most digit of each reference number corresponds to the figure inwhich the reference number is first used. While specific configurationsand arrangements are discussed, it should be understood that this isdone for illustrative purposes only. A person skilled in the relevantart will recognize that other configurations and arrangements can beused without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Itwill be apparent to a person skilled in the relevant art that thisinvention can also be employed in a variety of other devices andapplications.

While the present invention is described herein in the context of EPONs,it should be understood that the systems and methods discussed below arealso applicable in other contexts as well. Generally, these systems andmethods are applicable to any fiber access system such as the presentinvention. While this invention is described as included in the MACcontrol layer, it should be understood that the invention is alsoapplicable to other layers. For example, the invention can also beimplemented in a control layer having an extension of an ethernetprotocol to control transmission between subscriber devices in a PassiveOptical Network (PON)-like media based on a definition of ethernetframes for control.

The invention described herein is a system architecture for anEthernet-Passive Optical Network (EPON). The architecture providesextended functionality of the system control features at the mediaaccess control (MAC) control layers of devices coupled to the EPON(e.g., optical line terminator (OLT) and optical network unit (ONU)).The extended functionality of the system control features occurs throughthe transmission of ethernet frames. Thus, the architectural approach ofthe present invention provides flexible allocation of bandwidth. Thisallows efficient sharing of bandwidth by subscriber devices, referred toherein as ONUs. Further, having the extended functionality of the systemcontrol features at the MAC control layer avoids modification of thephysical layer definition to a large extent.

FIG. 1 illustrates an EPON 100 in accordance with embodiments of thepresent invention. An EPON is a PON in which the transmission protocolis in Ethernet. EPON 100 is well suited to delivering video services ineither analog CATV format, using a third wavelength, or IP video. EPON100 comprises Optical Line Terminator (OLT) 105, Splitter 110, OpticalNetwork Units (ONUs) 115 a-115 n, and End User Devices (EUDs) 120 a-120n.

OLT 105 broadcasts data downstream to ONUs 115 a-115 n invariable-length packets of up to 1,518 bytes, according to the IEEE802.3 protocol. Each packet carries a header that uniquely identifies itas data intended for a particular ONU (e.g., ONU 115 b). In addition,some packets may be intended for all of ONUs 115 a-115 n or a particulargroup of ONUs (multicast packets) such as ONUs 115 b and 115 n.

Splitter 110 divides data on EPON 100 into n separate signals, eachcarrying ONU—specific packets. When the data reaches a particular ONU,the ONU accepts the packets that are intended for it and discards thepackets that are intended for other ONUs. For example, in FIG. 1, ONU115 a can receive packets destined for ONUs 115 b and 115 n as well aspackets destined for itself. ONU 115 a, however, only accepts theparticular packet(s) that was actually intended for it. ONU 115 a thendelivers the packet(s) to its associated device (i.e. End User Device(EUD) 120 a).

Each ONU 115 a-115 n provides an interface between the customer's data,video, and telephony networks (e.g. EUD 120 a-120 n) and EPON 100. Theprimary function of each ONU 115 a-115 n is to receive traffic in anoptical format and convert it to the customer's desired format (e.g.,Ethernet, Internet Protocol (IP), multicast, Plain Old Telephone System(POTS), etc.). Each ONU 115 a-115 n may provide Layer-2 or Layer-3switching functionality, which allows internal routing of enterprisetraffic at ONUs 115 a-115 n.

Because each of ONU 115 a-115 n can be located at a customer locationand the costs are not shared over multiple subscribers, the design andcost of each ONU is a key factor in the acceptance and deployment ofEPON systems.

FIG. 2 illustrates the protocol architecture of an EPON system device(e.g., OLT 105) according to embodiments of the present invention. Forexample, an optical line terminator (OLT) and an optical network unit(ONU) can operate under the protocol architecture depicted in FIG. 2.The protocol architecture comprises physical layer 205, MAC layer 210,MAC control layer 220 and higher layers 225. Physical layer 205 is theprotocol layer that defines the physical characteristics of the networksuch as connections, voltage levels and timing.

It should be noted that in addition to the extension at MAC controllayer 220 (described below), the present invention also utilizes asignal from MAC control layer 220 to physical layer 205 (for burstoperation in the ONU only). In embodiments, the signal is a“transmit/wait” timing signal (e.g. 207) and represents an active andpassive (i.e., on/off) state of the laser, as would be apparent to oneskilled in the art after being presented with the description herein.The ONU should not transmit in the passive state, as it does not have atoken (It should be noted that the term token is used herein toencompass a bandwidth grant opportunity). When the ONU has receipt of atoken, however, MAC control layer 220 transmits a signal to turn on the“transmit/wait” timing signal in order to activate the laser so the ONUcan transmit.

MAC control layer 220 controls the MAC and includes extendedfunctionality such as that provided by MAC timing and synchronizationlayer 220 a and token control layer 220 b.

MAC timing and synchronization layer 220 a is responsible for ensuringthat all devices on the EPON are synchronized to a common time reference(e.g., an ONU knows when to transmit when it receives a grant for timeT0). For example, all of the subscriber devices (e.g., ONUs) must besynchronized to the same time reference as that of the centralizedcontroller device (e.g., OLT). Thus, the centralized controller devicemaintains a clock. The centralized controller device periodicallybroadcasts the clock timing in a synchronization message addressed toeach of the subscriber devices. The synchronization message allows eachsubscriber device to synchronize its clock with that of the centralizedcontroller device.

The centralized controller device utilizes a process known as ranging tocompute time compensation, as will be described in FIG. 3.

Token control layer 220 b allows for the request and allocation oftokens. A token from the centralized controller specifies an interval oftime (e.g., a virtual time unit (VTU)) during which a subscriber devicemay transmit data packets. The request for the bandwidth (from thesubscriber device to the central controller) can include priorityinformation such as the priority level of the requested token, a keysequence (e.g., sequence number of the encryption key to use), and theamount of the requested bandwidth in VTUs. It should be noted that in anembodiment wherein a subscriber device specifies the sequence number inits request, the centralized controller device already knows whichencryption key to use in communicating with the subscriber device as itwas specified in the subscriber device's request. Thus, the centralizedcontroller device need not provide the sequence number to the subscriberdevice when a frame is sent on the downstream. Upon receiving a requestfor bandwidth, the centralized controller device provides the subscriberdevice with a token. The token specifies a time offset value (e.g., timeoffset from a VTU allocation time reference), a type of region (e.g.,ranging, data, periodic ranging, etc.), a priority (e.g., level ofpriority of the requested token), a key sequence (e.g., sequence numberof the encryption key to use), and a size value (e.g., size of theregion specified by the token in VTUs). It should be noted that in anembodiment wherein the centralized controller device specifies thesequence number of the encryption key to use, a subscriber devicealready knows what encryption key to use on the upstream transmission.Thus, the frame in the upstream direction need not indicate whichsequence number should be used. The actual sequence of token controlactivity will be further described in FIG. 3.

Higher layer 225 is responsible for service setup and configuration.Higher layer 225 can contain a service controller for data admission andshaping and policing of activities. Further, higher layer 225 canreceive statistics from MAC control layer 220 to aid in the policing ofactivities.

FIG. 3 depicts timing correction between an OLT (e.g., a centralizedcontroller device) and ONUs (e.g., subscriber devices). The process ofcorrecting timing between an OLT and an ONU is known as ranging. Rangingadjusts each ONU's timing offset such that it is aligned with the OLT'stiming. Ranging may be contention-based or non contention-based. Innon-contention-based ranging, a token is transmitted to a specificsubscriber device such that only that subscriber device may participatein the ranging process (i.e., manual registration occurs). In contentionbased ranging, a token is transmitted to all subscriber devices suchthat they all can contend for transmission. As explained above, thisprocess is applied in the present invention in an EPON environment butmay be applied in other environments as well.

Referring to FIG. 3, at time T0, the OLT transmits a synchronizationmessage to reflect the global time. This is the time all devices on theEPON will recognize as time T0. Time 0, however, occurs at a differentpoint for each device on the EPON. In other words, time 0 at ONU1 occursat a different point than time T0 at ONU2. Similarly, time T0 at the OLToccurs at a different point than time T0 at ONU1 and ONU2. For example,ONU1 may recognize time T0 when the OLT is already at time T10. Thus,ranging compensates for this time difference.

Transmission of synchronization message 305 from the OLT indicates thatthe time synchronization method is to be executed. Transmission ofsynchronization message 305 from the OLT to an ONU can occur asfrequently or infrequently as the designer would like. For example,synchronization message 305 can be sent at OLT time 0, OLT time 100, OLTtime 200, etc. In an embodiment of the invention, every message from theOLT to an ONU contains a time stamp and can therefore be viewed as asynchronization message.

After the OLT transmits synchronization message 305 to ONU1 and ONU2, itthen transmits a ranging interval message (not shown) to establishranging interval 310. Transmission of the ranging interval messageindicates to all devices that ranging will occur for a specified periodof time. During ranging interval 310, each ONU may transmit a rangingrequest to the OLT to notify the OLT that it would like to requestbandwidth. For example, in FIG. 3, after the OLT transmits the ranginginterval message, and thereby establishes ranging interval 310, ONU1 cantransmit ranging request 315 to the OLT to obtain its time adjustmentvalue to request bandwidth. Similarly, after the OLT transmits theranging interval message, ONU2 can transmit ranging request 320 to theOLT to obtain its time adjustment value to request bandwidth.

After the OLT receives a ranging request from an ONU (e.g., rangingrequest 315 from ONU1), the OLT calculates the difference in the time atwhich the particular ONU transmitted the ranging request and the time atwhich the OLT receives the ranging request. The time differencerepresents the time adjustment value for the particular ONU. Forexample, in FIG. 3, the difference between the time at which ONU1transmitted ranging request 315 and the time at which the OLT receivesranging request 315 is represented by time adjustment value 325 (i.e., around trip delay (RTD) of 16). Similarly, the difference between thetime at which ONU2 transmitted ranging request 320 and the time at whichthe OLT received ranging request 320 is represented by time adjustmentvalue 330 (i.e., a round trip delay (RTD) of 28). Both ONU1 and ONU2have now been synchronized with the OLT.

The OLT then issues token 335 to ONU1 to grant ONU1 bandwidth in whichto transmit data. For example, token 335 specifies that ONU1 has beenassigned 20 units of bandwidth (i.e., from OLT time 200 to OLT time220). It should be noted that the OLT can calculate the time adjustmentperiod for ONU1, for example, and send the time difference to ONU1.Thus, ONU1 is told that it must begin transmitting at its local time 184in order to begin transmitting at OLT time 200, as its clock is 16 unitsbehind that of the OLT.

Alternatively, in embodiments of the present invention, the OLT can sendthe time adjustment to the ONU and specify the grant time according tothe OLT time. Each ONU can then translate the grant time to local timeby subtracting the ONU time adjustment period from the grant time.

Likewise, the OLT issues token 340 to ONU2 to grant ONU2 bandwidth inwhich to transmit data. For example, token 340 specifies that ONU2 hasbeen assigned 30 units of bandwidth (i.e., from OLT time 220 to OLT time250). The OLT has already calculated the time adjustment period forONU2. Thus, ONU2 is told that it must begin transmitting at its localtime 192 in order to begin transmitting at OLT time 220, as its clock is28 units behind that of the OLT.

FIG. 4 depicts the sequence of steps involved in the communicationprocess from the perspective of an OLT. Control begins with step 405 andproceeds immediately to step 410. In step 410, the OLT transmits asynchronization message to the ONUs. The synchronization messageindicates that the time synchronization method is to be executed.

In step 415, the OLT allocates a ranging interval message to establish aranging interval. During the ranging interval, the ranging process willbe performed.

In step 420, the OLT receives a ranging request from a particular ONU.The ranging request indicates to the OLT that the particular ONU wishesto have its time synchronized.

In step 425, the OLT calculates the time difference between a time atwhich the particular ONU transmitted its ranging request and a time atwhich the OLT received the ranging request. This time differencerepresents the time adjustment value for the particular ONU. In step430, the OLT issues a token to a particular ONU to specify an assignedtime interval (i.e., a period of time during which the particular ONUmay transmit data) for the ONU. For example, if the time adjustmentvalue was determined to be 24 units, the token specifies that theparticular ONU should begin data transmission 24 units before theassigned OLT time period, given that the ONU clock is 24 units behindthat of the OLT clock. Again, it should be noted that the system canoperate with grant time specifying the OLT time and having each ONUtranslate the grant time to local time by subtracting the ONU timeadjustment period from the grant time.

Finally, control ends with step 435.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart depicting the sequence of steps involved in thecommunication process from the perspective of an ONU (e.g., establishingmanagement service). Control begins with step 505 and proceedsimmediately to step 510. In step 510, a synchronization message isreceived from the OLT to obtain a common time reference.

In step 515, the ONU receives a ranging interval allocation messagespecifying a period of time during which ranging will occur.

In step 520, the ONU transmits a ranging request to the OLT to have itstime synchronized (i.e., to have its time adjusted) with that of theOLT. In step 525, the ONU monitors broadcast tokens and receives a tokenfrom the OLT taking into consideration the time adjustment value. TheONU can then engage in a registration process with the OLT (i.e., theONU can establish primary service with the OLT). Finally, control endswith step 530.

FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary computer system on which amethod in accordance with embodiments of the present invention can beperformed. The above-described techniques or methods may be executed assoftware routines, in part, by the Media Access Control (MAC) portion ofa subscriber device and the MAC portion of a centralized controllerdevice. For example, with reference to the example implementation of ONU115 a described in FIG. 1, ONU 115 a includes a MAC (not shown) forperforming necessary method steps by executing software functions withthe assistance of a Central Processing Unit (CPU). These softwarefunctions are stored in a memory, such as but not limited to a RandomAccess Memory (RAM) or a Read Only Memory (ROM). Furthermore, withreference to the example implementation of OLT 105, its MAC performsnecessary method steps by executing software functions with theassistance of a CPU. These software functions are also stored in amemory, which may comprise either a RAM or a ROM.

However, methods of the present invention need not be limited to theseembodiments. For example, the methods of the present invention may beembodied in software routines which are executed on various computersystems, such as a computer system 600 as shown in FIG. 6. However,after reading this description, it will be apparent to a person skilledin the relevant art how to implement the invention using other computersystems and/or computer architectures. The computer system 600 includesone or more processors, such as processor 603. The processor 603 isconnected to a communication bus 602.

Computer system 600 also includes a main memory 605, preferably randomaccess memory (RAM), and may also include a secondary memory 610. Thesecondary memory 610 may include, for example, a hard disk drive 612and/or a removable storage drive 614, representing a floppy disk drive,a magnetic tape drive, an optical disk drive, etc. The removable storagedrive 614 reads from and/or writes to a removable storage unit 618 in awell-known manner. Removable storage unit 618, represents a floppy disk,magnetic tape, optical disk, etc., which is read by and written to byremovable storage drive 614. As will be appreciated, the removablestorage unit 618 includes a computer usable storage medium having storedtherein computer software and/or data.

In alternative embodiments, secondary memory 610 may include othersimilar means for allowing computer programs or other instructions to beloaded into computer system 600. Such means may include, for example, aremovable storage unit 622 and an interface 620. Examples of such mayinclude a program cartridge and cartridge interface (such as that foundin video game devices), a removable memory chip (such as an EPROM, orPROM) and associated socket, and other removable storage units 622 andinterfaces 620 which allow software and data to be transferred from theremovable storage unit 622 to computer system 600.

Computer system 600 may also include a communications interface 624.Communications interface 624 allows software and data to be transferredbetween computer system 600 and external devices. Examples ofcommunications interface 624 may include a modem, a network interface(such as an Ethernet card), a communications port, a PCMCIA slot andcard, a wireless LAN (local area network) interface, etc. Software anddata transferred via communications interface 624 are in the form ofsignals 628 which may be electronic, electromagnetic, optical, or othersignals capable of being received by communications interface 624. Thesesignals 628 are provided to communications interface 624 via acommunications path (i.e., channel) 626. This channel 626 carriessignals 628 and may be implemented using wire or cable, fiber optics, aphone line, a cellular phone link, a wireless link, or othercommunications channels.

In this document, the term “computer program product” refers toremovable storage units 618, 622, and signals 628. These computerprogram products are means for providing software to computer system600. The invention is directed to such computer program products.

Computer programs (also called computer control logic) are stored inmain memory 605, and/or secondary memory 610 and/or in computer programproducts. Computer programs may also be received via communicationsinterface 624. Such computer programs, when executed, enable thecomputer system 600 to perform the features of the present invention asdiscussed herein. In particular, the computer programs, when executed,enable the processor 603 to perform the features of the presentinvention. Accordingly, such computer programs represent controllers ofthe computer system 600.

In an embodiment where the invention is implemented using software, thesoftware may be stored in a computer program product and loaded intocomputer system 600 using removable storage drive 614, hard drive 612 orcommunications interface 624. The control logic (software), whenexecuted by the processor 603, causes the processor 603 to perform thefunctions of the invention as described herein.

In another embodiment, the invention is implemented primarily inhardware using, for example, hardware components such as applicationspecific integrated circuits (ASICs). Implementation of hardware statemachine(s) so as to perform the functions described herein will beapparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s).

In yet another embodiment, the invention is implemented using acombination of both hardware and software.

IV. Conclusion

While various embodiments of the present invention have been describedabove, it should be understood that they have been presented by way ofexample, and not limitation. It will be apparent to persons skilled inthe relevant art that various changes in detail can be made thereinwithout departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus thepresent invention should not be limited by any of the above-describedexemplary embodiments.

What is claimed is:
 1. A fiber access system optical line terminator,comprising: (a) a control layer configured and arranged to: (i) transmita transmit/wait timing signal from the control layer to a physicallayer, wherein the signal represents an active or passive state of alaser; (ii) transmit a timing and synchronization message to asubscriber device through transmission of data frames; (iii) allocate aranging interval specified by the optical line terminator; (iv) transmita ranging interval message to the subscriber device through thetransmission of data frames; and (v) receive a ranging request from thesubscriber device through the transmission of data frames, (b) whereinthe subscriber device is in optical communication with the optical lineterminator.
 2. The fiber access system optical line terminator of claim1, wherein the control layer is further configured and arranged to: (a)determine a time adjustment period corresponding to a difference in timebetween a clock at the optical line terminator and a clock at thesubscriber device; (b) allocate a token specifying an assigned timeinterval to the subscriber device based on the time adjustment period;and (c) transmit the token to the subscriber device through thetransmission of data frames.
 3. The fiber access system optical lineterminator of claim 2, wherein the time adjustment period is derivedfrom a time difference between a message timestamp and a message arrivaltime at the optical line terminator.
 4. The fiber access system opticalline terminator of claim 2, wherein the token specifies a sequencenumber of an encryption key to be used by the subscriber device, a timeoffset value, a type of region, a priority of the token, and a sizevalue of the region.
 5. The fiber access system optical line terminatorof claim 2, wherein every message from the optical line terminator tothe subscriber device contains synchronization information.
 6. The fiberaccess system optical line terminator of claim 2, wherein the opticalline terminator specifies a grant assignment adjusted by a correspondingsubscriber device adjustment period to represent the grant assignment insubscriber device local time.
 7. The fiber access system optical lineterminator of claim 6, wherein the optical line terminator specifies thegrant assignment according to the time at the optical line terminatorand the subscriber device adjusts its local time based on the receivedadjustment period.
 8. A fiber access system optical network unit,comprising: (a) a control layer configured and arranged to: (i) transmita transmit/wait timing signal from the control layer to a physicallayer, wherein the signal represents an active or passive state of alaser; (ii) receive a timing and synchronization message from acentralized controller device through transmission of data frames; (iii)receive a ranging interval message from the centralized controllerdevice through the transmission of data frames; and (iv) transmit aranging request to the centralized controller device through thetransmission of data frames, (b) wherein the optical network unit is inoptical communication with the centralized controller device.
 9. Thefiber access system optical network unit of claim 8, wherein the controllayer is further configured and arranged to: (a) request a token fromthe centralized controller device through the transmission of dataframes; (b) monitor tokens broadcast from the centralized controllerdevice through the transmission of data frames; and (c) receive thetoken from the centralized controller device through the transmission ofdata frames, (d) wherein the token specifies an assigned time intervalto the subscriber device based on a time adjustment period correspondingto a difference in time between a clock at the optical network unit anda clock at the centralized controller device.
 10. The fiber accesssystem optical network unit of claim 9, wherein the optical network unittransmits in the active state only.
 11. The fiber access system opticalnetwork unit of claim 9, wherein the time adjustment period is derivedfrom a time difference between a message timestamp and a message arrivaltime at the optical line terminator.
 12. The fiber access system opticalnetwork unit of claim 9, wherein the token specifies a sequence numberof an encryption key to be used by the optical network unit, a timeoffset value, a type of region, a priority of the token, and a sizevalue of the region.
 13. The fiber access system optical network unit ofclaim 9, wherein every message from the centralized controller device tothe optical network unit contains synchronization information.
 14. Thefiber access system optical network unit of claim 9, wherein thecentralized controller specifies a grant assignment adjusted by acorresponding optical network unit adjustment period to represent thegrant assignment in optical network unit local time.
 15. The fiberaccess system optical network unit of claim 14, wherein the centralizedcontroller device specifies the grant assignment according to the timeat the centralized controller device and the optical network unitadjusts its local time based on the received adjustment period.
 16. Afiber access system, comprising: (a) a centralized controller deviceincluding a first control layer; (b) a subscriber device including asecond control layer capable of optical communication with thecentralized controller device, (c) wherein each of the first and secondcontrol layers is configured to: (i) transmit a transmit/wait timingsignal to a physical layer, wherein the signal represents an active orpassive state of a laser; (ii) transmit a timing and synchronizationmessage from the centralized controller device to the subscriber devicethrough transmission of data frames; (iii) transmit a ranging intervalmessage from the centralized controller device to the subscriber devicethrough transmission of data frames; and (iv) transmit a ranging requestfrom the subscriber device to the centralized controller device throughtransmission of data frames.
 17. The fiber access system of claim 16,wherein the first control layer is further configured to: (a) allocate aranging interval specified by the centralized controller device; (b)determine a time adjustment period corresponding to a difference betweena clock at the centralized controller device and a clock at thesubscriber device; (c) transmit a time adjustment message from thecentralized controller device to the subscriber device based on the timeadjustment period through transmission of data frames; and (d) allocatea token from the centralized controller device to the subscriber devicespecifying a time interval assigned to the subscriber device throughtransmission of data frames.
 18. The fiber access system of claim 17,wherein the second control layer is further configured to: (e) requestthe token from the centralized controller device through transmission ofdata frames; (f) monitor tokens broadcast from the centralizedcontroller device through transmission of data frames; (g) receive thetoken from the centralized controller device through transmission ofdata frames; and (h) receive the time adjustment message from thecentralized controller device based on the time adjustment periodcorresponding to the difference in time between the clock at thesubscriber device and the clock at the centralized controller devicethrough transmission of data frames.
 19. The fiber access system ofclaim 18, wherein the time adjustment period is derived from a timedifference between a message timestamp and a message arrival time at thecentralized controller device.
 20. The fiber access system of claim 18,wherein the token specifies a sequence number of an encryption key to beused by the subscriber device, a time offset value, a type of region, apriority of the token, and a size value of the region.
 21. The fiberaccess system of claim 18, wherein every message from the centralizedcontroller device to the subscriber device contains synchronizationinformation.
 22. The fiber access system of claim 18, wherein thecentralized controller device specifies a grant assignment adjusted by acorresponding subscriber device adjustment period to represent the grantassignment in subscriber device local time.
 23. The fiber access systemof claim 18, wherein the centralized controller device specifies a grantassignment according to a time at the centralized controller device andthe subscriber device adjusts its local time based on the receivedadjustment period.
 24. The fiber access system of claim 18, wherein thecentralized controller device is an optical line terminator.
 25. Thefiber access system of claim 18, wherein the subscriber device is anoptical network unit.
 26. The fiber access system of claim 18, whereinthe subscriber device transmits in the active state only.